• Composite materials

Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 What is a composite?; 1.2 Why composites?; 1.3 History of composites; 1.4 Classification of composites; 1.4.1 Fiber reinforced composites; 1.4.2 Laminated composites; 1.4.3 Particulate composites; 1.4.4 Combination of composites; 1.5 Nanomaterials; 1.6 Applications of composite materials; 1.6.1 Aerospace applications; 1.6.2 Missile applications; 1.6.3 Launch vehicle applications; 1.6.4 Railways; 1.6.5 Sports Equipments; 1.6.6 Automotives; 1.6.7 Infrastructure; 1.6.8 Medical applications; 1.6.9 Renewables Chapter 2: Materials; 2.1 Fibers; 2.2 Types of fibers; 2.3 Natural fibers; 2.3.1 Silk fiber; 2.3.2 Wool fiber; 2.3.3 Spider silk; 2.3.4 Sinew fiber; 2.3.5 Camel hair; 2.3.6 Cotton fiber; 2.3.7 Jute fiber; 2.3.8 Kenaf fiber; 2.3.9 Hemp fiber; 2.3.10 Flax fiber; 2.3.11 Ramie fiber; 2.3.12 Sisal fiber; 2.3.13 Bamboo fiber; 2.3.14 Maize (Corn) fiber; 2.3.15 Coir

fiber; 2.3.16 Banana fiber; 2.3.17 Kapok fiber; 2.3.18 Abaca fiber; 2.3.19 Raffia palm fiber; 2.3.20 Sugarcane fiber; 2.3.21 Asbestos fiber; 2.3.22 Glass wool; 2.3.23 Rock wool; 2.3.24 Ceramic wool; 2.4 Advanced fibers; 2.4.1 Boron fiber; 2.4.2 Carbon fiber; 2.4.2.1 Fabrication of C fiber using PAN; 2.4.2.2 Fabrication of C fiber using pitch; 2.4.3 Glass fiber; 2.4.4 Aramid (Kevlar) fiber; 2.5 Woven Fabric; 2.6 Matrices; 2.6.1 Polymer matrix composite; 2.6.2 Metal matrix composites; 2.6.3 Ceramic matrix composites; 2.6.4 Carbon-Carbon composites; 2.7 Fiber surface treatment; 2.7.1 Graphite fiber treatment; 2.7.2 Glass fiber treatment; 2.7.3 Polymer fiber treatment; 2.8 Fiber content,

density and void content; 2.9 Load transfer mechanism Chapter 3: Manufacturing Techniques; 3.1 Polymer matrix composites; 3.1.1 Thermoset matrix composites; 3.1.2 Thermoplastic matrix composites; 3.2 Metal-matrix composites; 3.2.1 Liquid-state processes; 3.2.2 Solid-state processes; 3.2.3 In-situ processes; 3.3 Ceramic matrix composites; 3.3.1 Cold pressing and sintering; 3.3.2 Hot pressing; 3.3.3 Reaction bonding; 3.3.4 Infiltration; 3.3.5 Polymer infiltration and pyrolysis; 3.4 Miscellaneous techniques; 3.4.1 Resin film infusion; 3.4.2 Elastic reservoir molding; 3.4.3 Tube rolling; 3.4.4 Compocasting; 3.4.5 Spark plasma sintering; 3.4.6 Vortex addition technique; 3.4.7 Pressureless infiltration process; 3.4.8 Ultrasonic infiltration; 3.4.9 Chemical vapor deposition; 3.4.10 Physical vapor deposition; 3.5 Basics of curing; 3.5.1 Degree of curing; 3.5.2 Curing cycle; 3.5.3 Viscosity; 3.5.4 Resin flow; 3.5.5

Consolidation; 3.5.6 Gel-time test; 3.5.7 Shrinkage; 3.5.8 Voids Chapter 4: Mechanics of Composites; 4.1 Lamina; 4.2 Laminates; 4.3 Tensors; 4.4 Deformation; 4.5 Strain; 4.6 Stress; 4.7 Equilibrium; 4.8 Boundary conditions; 4.8.1 Tractions; 4.8.2 Free surface boundary conditions; 4.9 Continuity conditions; 4.9.1 Displacement continuity; 4.9.2 Traction continuity; 4.10 Compatibility; 4.11 Constitutive equations; 4.12 Plane stress; 4.13 Plane strain; 4.14 Generalized plane problems  4.15 Strain energy density; 4.16 Minimum principles; 4.16.1 Minimum potential energy; 4.16.2 Minimum complementary energy; 4.16.3 Bounds and uniqueness; 4.17 Effective property concept; 4.18 Generalized Hooke’s law; 4.19 Material symmetry; 4.19.1 Monoclinic material; 4.19.2 Orthotropic material; 4.19.3 Transversely isotropic material; 4.19.4 Isotropic material Chapter 5: Linear Elastic Stress-Strain Characteristics of Fiber

Reinforced Composites; 5.1 Stresses and deformation; 5.2 Maxwell-Betti reciprocal theorem; 5.3 Material properties relationship; 5.4 Typical properties of materials; 5.5 Interpretation of stress-strain relations; 5.6 Free thermal strains; 5.7 Effect of free thermal strains on stress-strain relations; 5.8 Effect of free moisture strains on stress-strain relations Chapter 6: Micromechanics; 6.1 Volume and mass fractions; 6.1.1 Volume fractions; 6.1.2 Mass fractions; 6.2 Density; 6.3 Void content; 6.4 Evaluation of elastic moduli; 6.4.1 Strength of materials approach; 6.4.2 Semi-empirical models; 6.4.3 Elasticity approach Chapter 7: Plane Stress Assumption; 7.1 Stresses and strains under plane-stress condition; 7.2 Numerical results; 7.3 Effects of free thermal and free moisture strains Chapter 8: Global Coordinate System: Plane Stress Stress-Strain Relations; 8.1 Transformation equations; 8.2 Transformed reduced

compliance; 8.3 Transformed reduced stiffnesses; 8.4 Engineering properties in global coordinates; 8.5 Mutual influence coefficients; 8.6 Free thermal and moisture strains; 8.7 Effects of free thermal and moisture strains on plane stress stress-strain relations in global coordinate system Chapter 9: Classical Lamination Theory; 9.1 Laminate nomenclature; 9.2 The Kirchhoff hypothesis; 9.3 Effects of the Kirchhoff hypothesis; 9.4 Laminate strains; 9.5 Laminate stresses; 9.6 Stress distributions; 9.6.1 [0/90]s laminate subjected to known εx0; 9.6.2 [0/90]s laminate subjected to known kx0; 9.7 Force and moment resultants Chapter 10: The ABD Matrix; 10.1 Force and moment resultants; 10.2 The ABD matrix; 10.3 Classification of laminates; 10.3.1 Symmetric laminates; 10.3.2 Balanced laminates; 10.3.3 Symmetric balanced laminates; 10.3.4 Cross-ply laminates; 10.3.5 Symmetric cross-ply laminates Chapter 11: Failure Theories for

Composite Materials; 11.1 Theories of failure; 11.2 Hill’s theory of failure; 11.3 Tsai-Hill theory of failure; 11.4 Hoffman theory of failure; 11.5 Maximum stress failure theory; 11.6 Maximum strain theory; 11.7 The Tsai-Wu failure criterion; 11.8 Hashin theory Chapter 12: Mechanics of Short-Fiber Reinforced Composites; 12.1 Notation; 12.2 Average properties; 12.3 Theoretical models; 12.3.1 Cox shear lag model; 12.3.2 Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion; 12.3.3 Dilute Eshelby’s model; 12.3.4 Mori-Tanaka model; 12.3.5 Chow model; 12.3.6 Modified Halpin-Tsai or Finegan model; 12.3.7 Hashin-Shtrikman model; 12.3.8 Lielens model; 12.3.9 Self-consistent model; 12.4 Fast fourier transform numerical homogenization methods; 12.4.1 FFT based homogenization method; 12.4.2 Implementation of FFT based homogenization method Chapter 13: Toughness of Composite Materials; 13.1 Basics; 13.2 Interfacial fracture; 13.3 Work of

fracture; 13.3.1 Deformation of matrix; 13.3.2 Fiber fracture; 13.3.3 Interfacial de-bonding; 13.3.4 Frictional sliding and fiber pull-out; 13.3.5 Effect of microstructure; 13.4 Sub-critical crack growth; 13.4.1 Fatigue; 13.4.2 Stress-corrosion cracking Chapter 14: Inter-laminar Stresses; 14.1 Finite width coupon; 14.2 Equilibrium considerations; 14.3 Inter-laminar Fyz shear force; 14.3.1 Uniform strain loading; 14.3.2 Curvature loading; 14.4 Inter-laminar Mz moment; 14.4.1 Uniform strain loading; 14.4.2 Curvature loading; 14.5 Inter-laminar Fzx shear force; 14.5.1 Uniform strain loading; 14.5.2 Curvature loading Chapter 15: Laminated Plates; 15.1 Governing equations; 15.2 Governing equations (in displacement form); 15.3 Simplification of governing equations; 15.3.1 Symmetric laminates; 15.3.2 Symmetric balanced laminates; 15.3.3 Symmetric cross-ply laminates Chapter 16: Viscoelastic & Dynamic Behavior of

Composites; 16.1 Viscoelastic behavior of composites; 16.1.1 Boltzmann superposition integral; 16.1.2 Spring-dashpot models; 16.1.3 Quasi-elastic approach; 16.1.4 Complex modulus; 16.1.5 Elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle; 16.2 Dynamic behavior; 16.2.1 Longitudinal wave propagation; 16.2.2 Flexural vibration; 16.2.3 Damping analysis Chapter 17: Mechanical Testing of Composites; 17.1 Societies for testing standards; 17.2 Objectives of mechanical testing; 17.3 Effect of anisotropy; 17.4 Nature and quality of data; 17.5 Samples and specimen for testing; 17.6 Miscellaneous issues with testing; 17.7 Primary properties